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Meshtastic Guide - How to Flash Meshtastic Firmware

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Flashing ESP32 Devices

The Web Flasher requires either Chrome or Edge browsers but is an excellent option for quickly flashing devices. This method is highly recommended for firmware flashing, especially for new users of the project, as it is user-friendly.
The CLI Script is considered the "manual process" for flashing firmware.
Flashing your device with an external serial adapter should only be attempted as a last resort if no other method has been successful.
NOTE: The web client at meshtastic.local is only updated through a full wipe and reinstall of the device. If you opt for a reinstall, you will receive the latest bundled web interface. To keep your settings intact, you can export your configuration before reinstalling and then load it back afterward.
CAUTION: Ensure that you do not power on the radio without first attaching the antenna! Failing to do so could damage the radio chip!

Using the Meshtastic Web Flasher

Flash Device

  1. Plug in your device
  2. Visit flasher.meshtastic.org *requires Chrome or Edge browser
  3. Follow the instructions


Connect and Set Up Device

Once you have flashed the Meshtastic firmware onto the device, you can move on to the initial configuration.

Flashing Firmware via CLI

Connectivity Verification

Before flashing your device, verify connectivity with the device you are about to flash. Follow the steps outlined below to check connectivity and, if needed, install the appropriate drivers. If you must install drivers, remember to reboot your computer afterward to confirm that the installation is complete.
NOTE: The T-Beam 0.7 board is an earlier version of the T-Beam board. Due to design changes in subsequent iterations, this board requires a specific firmware file that is different from those used by other T-Beam boards.
  • Use firmware-tbeam0.7-X.X.X.xxxxxxx.bin for the T-Beam 0.7.
  • firmware-tbeam-X.X.X.xxxxxxx.bin is incompatible.
For all other T-Beam boards, please review the resources section to select the correct firmware.

Command Line Interface Instructions

Install Prerequisite Software
Linux
Verify whether you have python3 and pip installed by using the following command

 python3 --version

 pip3 --version
If python3 is not installed, you can install it using

 sudo apt-get update

 sudo apt-get install python3
If pip is not installed, you can install it using
 sudo apt-get install python3-pip
Install esptool
 pip3 install --upgrade esptool
MacOS
OS X comes with Python2.7 pre-installed, but it does not include pip. The following instructions use Homebrew to install Python3, which includes pip3. On macOS, you will use pip3 instead of pip.
NOTE: Check if you have Homebrew installed with the following command. If it's not installed, follow the instructions on the Homebrew website before continuing.
 brew -v
Verify whether you have python3 and pip installed by using the following command

 python3 --version

 pip3 --version
If python3 is not installed, you can install it by using the command
 brew install python3
Verify that pip3 was installed along with python3
 pip3 -v
Install esptool
 pip3 install --upgrade esptool
Windows
  • Download and install Python. During the installation process, ensure you select the option to Add Python X.Y to PATH.
  • Download and install Git Bash (or another suitable shell), and execute all subsequent commands from that shell.
Verify whether you have python3 and pip installed by using the following command

 py --version

 pip --version
Install esptool
 pip3 install --upgrade esptool
Check Connectivity with the Chip
  • On Linux and macOS, you may need to explicitly declare esptool as a .py script. Use the command esptool.py chip_id to do this, depending on your environment.
  • On Windows, you must explicitly declare esptool as a .py script by using the command esptool.py chip_id to ensure proper functionality.
Connect the radio to your computer with a data USB cable. Use the following command to verify that your device is communicating with your computer:
Command
 esptool chip_id
Expected Output

 # You should see a result similar to this:

 mydir$ esptool chip_id

 esptool.py v2.6

 Found 2 serial ports

 Serial port /dev/ttyUSB0

 Connecting....

 Detecting chip type... ESP32

 Chip is ESP32D0WDQ6 (revision 1)

 Features: WiFi, BT, Dual Core, 240MHz, VRef calibration in efuse, Coding Scheme None

 MAC: 24:6f:28:b5:36:71

 Uploading stub...

 Running stub...

 Stub running...

 Warning: ESP32 has no Chip ID. Reading

 MAC instead. MAC: 24:6f:28:b5:36:71

 Hard resetting via RTS pin...
Download Firmware
  • Navigate to the Meshtastic Downloads Page to obtain the latest firmware.
  • Scroll down to the Firmware section and choose one of the following options based on your preferences:
  1. Download Stable: For stable, well-tested releases.
  1. Download Alpha: For newer, experimental releases that include the latest features.
  • Once you are redirected to the GitHub release page, scroll down to the Assets section and expand it.
  • Identify the appropriate firmware for your device according to its architecture (e.g., firmware-esp32s3 for ESP32-S3-based devices like the Heltec V3).
  • Download the file and make a note of its location on your system, which is typically in your ~/Downloads folder.
Access the Firmware Directory
Open a terminal and change to the directory where your firmware was downloaded (using the cd command). The folder name usually corresponds to the architecture and firmware version indicated in the zip file. For example:
 cd ~/Downloads/firmware-esp32s3-X.X.X.xxxxxxx/
NOTE: Ensure that you replace esp32s3 and the version number with the values that correspond to the file you downloaded.z
Install or Update Firmware
Now, follow the instructions below for your operating system to install or update the firmware for your specific board:
Please note before you begin:
Be extremely careful to install the correct firmware file for your board. Specifically, the widely used 'T-BEAM' radio from TTGO is not referred to as 'TTGO-Lora' (which is a different board). Therefore, do not flash the 'TTGO-Lora' build onto a T-BEAM, as it will not function properly. If you install the wrong firmware for your device, the flashing process may seem to complete successfully, but the device may become unresponsive, showing a blank screen if it has one. Make sure to flash the correct version. Please note that while these devices are generally robust and damage is not guaranteed, there is a risk of damage to the onboard radio and peripherals if the GPIO pin directions are incorrect.
Linux & macOS
Install
 ./device-install.sh -f firmware-BOARD-VERSION.bin
Update
 ./device-update.sh -f firmware-BOARD-VERSION-update.bin
Use the --web option to incorporate the embedded Web Client when installing the firmware.
Windows
Install
 device-install.bat -f firmware-BOARD-VERSION.bin
Update
 device-update.bat -f firmware-BOARD-VERSION-update.bin
Use the --web option to incorporate the embedded Web Client when installing the firmware.

Connect and Set Up Device

Once you have successfully flashed the Meshtastic firmware onto the device, you can move forward with the initial configuration.

Flashing with an External Serial Adapter

NOTE: This information will likely only be helpful if you've already attempted to go through the prerequisites and processes outlined in manually flashing

Flashing Process

Situations that May Necessitate the Use of an External USB to Serial Adapter:
  • Due to the ongoing chip shortage, recently acquired devices like the TTGO T-Beam may be equipped with legacy or non-standard USB to Serial adapter chips, which can be unreliable in certain situations.
  • Some devices may feature defective USB to Serial chips, leading to communication issues.
  • Specific devices, such as the Hydra (Meshtastic-DIY target)
USB Serial Adapters
There are numerous options available in the marketplace, but it is advisable to choose an adapter that uses the Silicon Labs CP2102 chip, known for its reliability as an industry standard.
Begin by plugging the adapter into your computer without connecting any devices at this point. Make sure that the necessary drivers for the adapter are installed on your computer; for Windows users, the correct drivers should typically install automatically.



Connecting Adapter to the Device
NOTE: There are several methods to connect the adapter pins to the target device, including pressing jumpers against contacts or using pogo pin jigs. This tutorial highlights the use of offset Dupont headers soldered onto the relevant GPIO pins and connected with jumpers.
Disconnect your USB to Serial Adapter from the computer before starting this process.
  1. Connect the RX pin of the adapter to the TX pin of the device.
  2. Connect the TX pin of the adapter to the RX pin of the device.
  3. Connect a GND pin of the adapter to the GND pin of the device.
  4. Connect either the 5V pin of the adapter to the 5V pin of the device (as illustrated) or the 3.3V pin of the adapter to the 3.3V pin of the device.
  5. Bridge GPIO 0 to GND on the device with a jumper. (This will put the device into flash mode when powered up.) Example wiring featuring a T-Beam.


  1. Connect the device to a USB port on the computer.
  2. Remove the jumper bridging GPIO 0 to GND.

Flashing the Device
After completing the steps above, your device should be in flash mode. You can now use the manual method to flash your device.
Once the flashing process is finished, reset your device (using the RST button if it's available). If you have the Meshtastic Python CLI installed, you can run meshtastic --noproto to reconnect to the device via the adapter and view the serial output to ensure that Meshtastic was installed correctly.


Troubleshooting the Flashing Process
You may encounter a COM port permission error while running the manual device installation scripts, which can be caused by various issues.
To resolve this, you might need to run the process as an administrator, ensure that no other software, such as Cura, is monopolizing the COM ports, or try rebooting your system.

Connect and Set Up Device

Once you have flashed the Meshtastic firmware onto the device, you can move on to the initial configuration.

Flashing nRF52 & RP2040 Devices

  • Firmware Upgrade Process for nRF52 and RP2040 Devices: Devices based on nRF52 and RP2040 architectures offer a straightforward firmware upgrade process that does not require any driver or software installation on any platform.
  • Drag & Drop: These devices utilize the Drag & Drop installation method for installing firmware releases. Simply drag the firmware file onto the device in your file explorer.
  • Over-The-Air (OTA) Updates: nRF52 devices can receive OTA firmware updates from a mobile device via Bluetooth, allowing for seamless updates without the need for physical connections.
  • Factory Erase: Before installing new firmware, you may consider performing a Factory Erase to clear any existing data that may change format or location between releases.
  • Converting RAK4631-R to RAK4631: If your device does not come with the Arduino bootloader, you will need to perform a conversion to ensure compatibility.
  • Using Raspberry Pi as a SWDIO Flash Tool: If your device cannot be flashed via USB or Bluetooth, an alternative option is to use a direct SWDIO connection with a Raspberry Pi as a flashing tool.

Drag-and-Drop Firmware Updates for nRF52 & RP2040

Flash Device

  • You can now utilize the Meshtastic Web Flasher to download and transfer firmware to your nRF52 or RP2040-based devices. Alternatively, you can follow the instructions below to download and install the firmware.
  • If you have recently completed a Factory Erase, your device might automatically start up in bootloader mode. You can then proceed directly to "Copy the appropriate firmware..." for your specific device below:
nRF52
  1. Download and unzip the latest firmware from the Meshtastic Downloads.
  2. Connect your device to your computer using a USB data cable.
  3. Press the reset button on your device twice (this will enter bootloader mode).
  4. A new drive will be mounted on your computer (compatible with Windows, Mac, Linux, or Android).
  5. Open this drive, where you should find three files: CURRENT.UF2, INDEX.HTM, and INFO_UF2.TXT.
  6. Copy the appropriate firmware file (firmware-DEVICE_NAME-X.X.X-xxxxxxx.uf2) from the release folder to this drive.
  7. After the file finishes copying, the device will reboot and install the Meshtastic firmware.
RP2040
  1. Download and unzip the latest firmware from the Meshtastic Downloads.
  2. Press and hold the BOOTSEL button, then connect the device to your computer using a USB cable.
  3. A new drive will be mounted on your computer (compatible with Windows, Mac, Linux, or Android).
  4. Open this drive, where you should find two files: INDEX.HTM and INFO_UF2.TXT.
  5. Copy the appropriate firmware file (firmware-DEVICE_NAME-X.X.X-xxxxxxx.uf2) from the release folder to this drive.
  6. After the file has finished copying, the device will reboot and install the Meshtastic firmware.
Possible Flashing Edge Cases
  1. Before flashing, ensure that you have the RAK4631 and not the RAK4631-R. If that’s not the case, don't worry. The hardware is the same, but you will need to change the bootloader. Instructions for doing this can be found here.
  2. Older versions of the Meshtastic firmware may retain outdated data, which can lead to devices getting trapped in a crash loop during startup. If you encounter problems while upgrading your nRF52 device from a previous version of Meshtastic, you may need to perform a complete factory reset of the internal flash memory.Please follow the guide to factory erase your nRF52 device before proceeding to flash the firmware.

Connect and Set Up Device

Once you have flashed the Meshtastic firmware onto the device, you can move on to the initial configuration.

Over-the-Air (OTA) Firmware Updates for nRF52

nRF52 devices from RAK are able to accept OTA firmware updates from a mobile device over bluetooth. Older T-Echo bootloaders do not have OTA support.
caution:OTA firmware updates carry a higher risk of failure. If the update process does not succeed, your device may end up in a non-functional state, necessitating physical access for intervention.

Android

As of this writing, the latest Android release of the nRF DFU app (v2.3.0) is incompatible with Meshtastic firmware updates. Instead, please follow the instructions below to perform an OTA update using the nRF Connect App, specifically version 4.24.3, which can be downloaded from the Nordic Semiconductor GitHub page.
  1. Download the firmware release you wish to install from the Meshtastic Download Page or Meshtastic GitHub.
  2. Unzip the firmware folder.
  3. Open the nRF Connect App and select CONNECT on your device from the SCANNER tab.
  4. If the interface displays DISCONNECT in the top right corner, proceed to step 5. If it says CONNECT, select CONNECT.
  5. Tap the DFU icon in the top right corner of the screen.
  6. Verify that "Distribution Packet (ZIP)" is selected, then select OK.
  7. Choose the appropriate device firmware file (which will end with -ota.zip).
  8. The update will start automatically (note that this process may be slow).
  9. Once the update is complete, the device will reboot automatically.

Apple

OTA firmware updates are available on iOS and iPadOS using the nRF Device Firmware Update App, which can be downloaded from the Apple App Store.
  1. Download the firmware release you wish to install from the Meshtastic Download Page, Meshtastic GitHub, or directly through the iOS/iPadOS app.
  2. Unzip the firmware folder.
  3. Open the nRF DFU App and select the correct device firmware file (ending with -ota.zip).
  4. Connect to your device.
  5. Upload the firmware.
Important Note: The iPhone's auto-lock feature may interrupt the Bluetooth firmware upload. To prevent this, periodically tap the screen or temporarily set the auto-lock to "Never" during the upload process to ensure that the phone stays awake and the upload completes without interruptions.
If the update fails, you may improve success by adjusting the packet settings:
  1. Go to settings and enable "Packets Receipt Notification."
  2. Change "Number of Packets" to a lower value; some users have found success with a setting of "5."

Factory Reset for nRF52/RP2040 Devices

  • Meshtastic utilizes the littlefs library to store configuration, logs, and other data in the internal flash memory of nRF52 and RP2040 devices. It's important to note that updating the firmware does not erase this additional data, which can lead to issues if the format and location of the data change between releases.
  • You can now use the Meshtastic Web Flasher to factory erase your nRF52 or RP2040-based devices. Visit the flasher, select your board, and click the trash can icon to the right of the Flash button. This will open a dialog to initiate the erase procedure.Alternatively, you can follow the instructions below.

nRF52

To reset the flash storage on your nRF52 board, follow these steps:
  1. Download and unzip the latest firmware from the Meshtastic Downloads page.
  2. Connect your device to your computer using a USB data cable.
  3. Double-click the reset button on your device to enter bootloader mode.
  4. A new drive will be mounted on your computer (this applies to Windows, Mac, or Linux).
  5. Open this drive, and you should see three files: CURRENT.UF2, INDEX.HTM, and INFO_UF2.TXT.
  6. Open the INFO_UF2.TXT file in a text editor and note the SoftDevice value.
  7. Locate the file included in the downloaded firmware that matches your SoftDevice major version number (either 7.x.x or 6.x.x). Use either Meshtastic_nRF52_factory_erase_v3_S140_7.3.0.uf2 or Meshtastic_nRF52_factory_erase_v3_S140_6.1.0.uf2, and copy it onto the new drive. The device should then reboot.
  8. With the Meshtastic CLI installed, open your Terminal or Console and enter the command: meshtastic --noproto.
  9. You should see the message: Formatting... Done.
Once the device has been erased, you can proceed to install the latest Meshtastic firmware on a clean storage filesystem by clicking the link below.

RP2040

To reset the flash storage on your RP2040 board, follow these steps:
  1. Download the flash_nuke.uf2 file to your computer.
  2. Press and hold the BOOTSEL button, then connect the board to your computer using a USB cable.
  3. The board should now appear as a mass storage device on your computer, labeled as RPI-RP2.
  4. Copy the flash_nuke.uf2 file to this device.
  5. The board will automatically restart, and the flash memory will be erased.
After the device has been erased, you can proceed to install the latest Meshtastic firmware on a clean storage filesystem by clicking the link below.

Converting RAK4631-R to RAK4631

The only distinction between the RAK4631-R (RUI3) and the RAK4631 (Arduino) lies in the bootloader they come with; the hardware is identical.
Meshtastic requires the Arduino bootloader for RAK WisBlock nRF52-based boards. This conversion process for the bootloader only needs to be done once.
Here are two methods to flash the bootloader:

USB Device Firmware Update (DFU)

  1. Install Python
 pip3 install adafruit-nrfutil
  1. Download the necessary bootloader: WisCore_RAK4631_Board_Bootloader.zip.
  2. Connect your RAK device to your computer via USB.
  3. Flash the bootloader.
 adafruit-nrfutil --verbose dfu serial --package ./WisCore_RAK4631_Board_Bootloader.zip -p /dev/ttyACM0 -b 115200 --singlebank --touch 1200
NOTE: The serial port name (/dev/ttyACM0) may vary based on your operating system. Ensure you identify the correct port name for your setup.
  1. After that, continue with the regular flashing instructions.
Additional RUI3 Steps
If the above steps fail with errors like:

 Touched serial port COM11

 Opened serial port COM11

 Starting DFU upgrade of type 2, SoftDevice size: 0, bootloader size: 39000, application size: 0

 Sending DFU start packet

 Timed out waiting for acknowledgement from device.

 Failed to upgrade target. Error is: No data received on serial port. Not able to proceed.
You must complete the first part of the instructions for converting the RAK4631-R to the RAK4631, specifically the section involving the AT+BOOT command.

Debugger

This conversion necessitates the use of either a DAPLink or J-Link. The most affordable and readily available option is the RAKDAP1.
  1. Install Python
  2. Install pyOCD
 pip3 install pyocd
  1. Download the necessary bootloader: WisCore_RAK4631_Board_Bootloader.hex.
  2. Connect the RAKDAP as instructed below:
  1. Flash the bootloader
 pyocd flash -t nrf52840 .\WisCore_RAK4631_Board_Bootloader.hex
  1. Proceed with the standard flashing instructions.
Alternative flashing methods are detailed here.

Updating or Recovering the Bootloader on nRF52 Devices

If you're encountering difficulties while updating or flashing newer versions of the Meshtastic firmware, and your nRF52 device isn’t operating on the latest bootloader version, updating the bootloader could help resolve these issues.
To verify the version of the bootloader currently on your device, enable DFU mode. Next, open the mounted drive that appears on your computer and check the INFO_UF2.TXT file.
Here are the steps to update your bootloader.

Method 1: Updating with the UF2 File (Recommended)

Depending on your device, you need to choose the appropriate bootloader package. Below are the links to the bootloader packages:
  1. Download the correct UF2 Bootloader file.
  2. Connect your device to your computer using a USB cable.
  3. Activate bootloader mode by quickly double-pressing the RESET button on your device. For the Seeed Tracker 1000-E, press and hold the user button, then quickly connect the USB cable to the MagSafe port twice. The device should show up as a removable drive on your computer.
  4. Drag and drop the UF2 file you downloaded into the removable drive. The device will automatically update the bootloader and reset.
  5. Once the device resets, the update is complete. Your device is now operating on the latest bootloader version, and you can proceed with flashing the firmware.

Method 2: Using adafruit-nrfutil

Caution: Unlike UF2 uploads, adafruit-nrfutil does not verify whether you have the correct bootloader package for your device. Flashing the wrong bootloader could potentially brick your device. Therefore, be sure to check the SHA256 checksum before proceeding with the flashing process.
These instructions assume that Python and pip are already installed on your system. If they are not, please download and install the latest version of Python (which includes pip) from Python.org.
Based on your device, you must choose the appropriate bootloader package. Below are the links to the available bootloader packages:
  1. Open a terminal or command prompt and install adafruit-nrfutil by running the following command:
bash
 pip install adafruit-nrfutil
  1. Obtain the correct ZIP package.
  2. Connect your device to your computer using a USB cable.
  3. In the terminal or command prompt, navigate to the directory where you downloaded the bootloader ZIP package, and execute the following command. Make sure to replace /dev/ttyACM0 with the correct port for your device (Windows users may use COMx):
 adafruit-nrfutil --singlebank --touch 1200 --verbose dfu serial --package <downloaded file>.zip -p /dev/ttyACM0 -b 115200
  1. Once the process is complete, the update is finished. Your device is now operating with the latest bootloader version, allowing you to proceed with flashing the firmware.

Method 3: Using a Debugger

If the methods mentioned above do not work, and your hardware supports it (i.e., has the necessary SWD pins), you can use a debugger such as a DAPLink or J-Link to flash the bootloader directly. Please refer to the Debugger Instructions for an example using the RAK4631.

Using SWDIO for Flashing with a Raspberry Pi

Most Meshtastic devices can be easily flashed using USB. However, some devices (e.g., Seeed WM1110 Dev Kit) necessitate the use of an external device that can connect via "SWDIO." There are specialized devices like the RAKDAP1 designed for this purpose. However, many users find a Raspberry Pi to be a more convenient option.
This article offers instructions on how to use a Raspberry Pi as an SWDIO Flash Tool.

Wiring Setup

The first step is to connect two wires between your Raspberry Pi and the SWDIO ports on your NRF52-based device.
Connect GPIO pin 11 on your Raspberry Pi to the CLK pin on the Meshtastic device, and connect GPIO pin 8 on your Raspberry Pi to the DIO pin on the Meshtastic device.
Make sure to verify the GPIO numbers are accurate.
Power your Raspberry Pi by connecting it to a USB power source, and also power the Meshtastic device.

Install OpenOCD Software

You can use OpenOCD to handle the SWDIO connection with the Meshtastic device. Install it on your Raspberry Pi.

 $ sudo apt update

 $ sudo apt install libtool autoconf automake texinfo telnet gdb-multiarch git

 $ git clone git://repo.or.cz/openocd.git

 $ cd openocd/

 $ ./bootstrap

 $ ./configure --enable-bcm2835gpio

 $ make -j4

 $ sudo make install

Verify Connection

Before working with the firmware, let's attempt to connect to the NRF52-based device using SWDIO. All the necessary configuration can be found in the OpenOCD repository.
 $ openocd -f ./openocd/tcl/interface/raspberrypi-native.cfg -c "transport select swd" -f openocd/tcl/target/nrf52.cfg -s tcl
The first flag designates the Raspberry Pi as your host machine, the transport is set to SWDIO, and the final flag indicates that you are connecting to an nRF52-based chip. You should see output similar to this:

 Open On-Chip Debugger 0.12.0+dev-00633-gad87fbd1c

 Licensed under GNU GPL v2

 For bug reports, read

 http://openocd.org/doc/doxygen/bugs.html

 srst_only separate srst_gates_jtag srst_push_pull connect_deassert_srst

 swd

 Info : Listening on port 6666 for tcl connections

 Info : Listening on port 4444 for telnet connections

 Info : BCM2835 GPIO JTAG/SWD bitbang driver

 Info : clock speed 100 kHz

 Info : SWD DPIDR 0x2ba01477

 Info : [nrf52.cpu] Cortex-M4 r0p1 processor detected

 Info : [nrf52.cpu] target has 6 breakpoints, 4 watchpoints

 Info : [nrf52.cpu] Examination succeed

 Info : [nrf52.cpu] starting gdb server on 3333

 Info : Listening on port 3333 for gdb connections

 Info : accepting 'telnet' connection on tcp/4444
If you encounter the message “Error connecting DP: cannot read IDR,” it likely means that the wires are connected to the wrong locations.

Download Firmware

Refer to the instructions for your hardware to locate the appropriate firmware for your device. Most devices following this guide require a .hex file. After that, copy the firmware file to your Raspberry Pi.

Flash Firmware

After starting OpenOCD, you can connect to your Meshtastic device via telnet. Flashing the device is straightforward; just run a few commands within the telnet session:

 $ telnet 127.0.0.1 4444

 Trying 127.0.0.1...

 Connected to 127.0.0.1.

 Escape character is '^]'.

 Open On-Chip Debugger

 > init

 > reset init

 > halt

 > nrf5 mass_erase

 > program firmware.hex verify

 > reset

 > exit 0
Disconnect the power and then reconnect it after flashing.

Establish Connection

Congratulations! You should now be able to connect to your device via Bluetooth in the Meshtastic app.

 

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